ICARUS (International Cooperation for the Advancement of Research on the Underlying System of Human Thermoregulation) an FP7-funded project, was established with a view to mitigating heat-induced morbidity and mortality. The joint exchange programme’s main goal was to foster future development of a multinational centre of excellence for environmental physiology. Research studies helped produce important knowledge outcomes on the effects of chronic cold exposure on metabolism and the effect of inactivity (a non-thermal factor) on temperature regulation. It also increased knowledge of the development of exercise-induced heatstroke, the interpretation of environmental and the possibility of improving heat tolerance during activity in simulated desert conditions. The collaborative research initiative has improved understanding of temperature regulation mechanisms. Project work and outcomes promise to lead to more effective prevention of heatstroke and mortality.